47281332. King Louis IX Capet & 47281333. Queen Marguerite of Provence
4/25/1214, Louis born in Poissy, France, s/o 47277624.
King Louis VIII & 47277625. Blanche of Castile. [Louis liked to be
called Louis of Poissy, because he was baptized there.]
10/28/1216, Henry III, age 9, crowned king of England.
1218, Louis’ older brother Philip died.
1221, Marguerite born in Provence, d/o 23638786. Count
Raymond Berengar IV & 23638787. Beatrice of Savoia.
7/1223, Prince Louis was summoned to his ill father [King
Philip II] at Pacy-sur-Eure. [He took his son Louis IX with him.]
7/14/1223, Louis VIII succeeded as King of France on the
death of his father King Philip II.
1224, King Louis VIII captured southern Poitou, Perigord,
Quercy, and Limousin from the English.
11/8/1226, Louis IX, age 12, succeeded his father as King of
France; crowned at Reims by the Bishop of Soisson. Queen Blanche became regent
of France during the minority of her son.
1226, King Henry III of England agreed to wed Yolanda,
daughter of Peter Mauclerc, Count of Brittany. [Hoping the allicance would help
him recover Normandy.] Queen Blanche of France stopped the marriage by
capturing Mauclerc and forcing Yolanda to wed her son John.
1226-37, Louis, Count of Artois.
3/1227, King Louis IX received homage from his vassals.
4/1228, Queen Blanche, regent for Louis IX, assembled an
army and marched on Bellesme, considered impregnable. After 2 assualts the
fortress fell to Blanche, taking Pierre Mauclere, duke of Brittany hostage. (S)
History of France, V1, 1856, P259.
4/30/1230 from Portsmouth, King Henry, with his brother
Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and with the help of Peter Mauclerc, Count of
Brittany, invaded Brittany in hopes of recovering Normandy. [They met with
little success.]
1231, Queen Blanche sent Louis into Normandy on his 1st
expedition where he was in command.
2/28/1232, King Louis offered 100 livres for the return of
the Holy Nail, a relic of St. Denis. [It was recovered.]
1232, Queen Blanche sent her son Louis IX with a contingent
to Beauvais to suppress a local distubance. 1500 citizens were banished and the
bishop was required to reimburse the crown for expenses of the expedition.
1233, Queen Blanche sent Sir Giles of Flagy to Provence to
investigate the possibility of Louis marring the eldest daughter of Count
Raymond Berengar IV. [Count Raymond was also an enemy of her nemesis Raymond
VII of Toulouse.]
[––Louis & Marguerite––]
5/27/1234 at Sens, Louis, age 20, married Marguerite, age
12, and assumed the role of King. The Archbishop of Sens performed the
ceremony. Salimbene de Adam who knew
Louis described him as “slender and delicate, tall, … a very pleasing face and
an angelic expression.” [Marguerite crowned Queen the next day at St Stephen’s
Cathedral.]
1234, Louis’ natural half-uncle, Philip Hurepel died; ending
his possible claims on the crown.
1235, King Louis prohibited his vassals from being judged in
ecclesiastical courts for civil questions, and he threatened to seize the
property of bishops who used excommunication as a weapon.
1236, King Louis, his mother Blanche, and his wife Margaret
attended the wedding of Margaret’s sister Eleanor to King Henry III of England
at Westminster in London. (S) Chronicles of the Age of Chivalry, 2000, P58.
1237, King Louis gave the title of Count of Artois to his
younger brother Robert on his majority.
1238, King Louis received envoys from Saracens telling of a
“monstrous and inhuman race of men”, with a leader called Khan [Buta, not
Genghis who died in 1227], overunning far eastern Europe.
1239, Louis purchased a fragment of Jesus’ cross and his
crown of thorns from Emperor Baldwin II of Constantinople for 135,000 livres.
[The chapel to house the items only cost 60,000. Louis had also collected the
spear head that was thrust in Jesus’ side, Jesus’ cloak, and the sponge used at
the cross.]
8/1239, Blanche as Queen mother, daughter-in-law Queen
Marguerite, and Ingebour of Denmark [step-mother of Louis] rode at the head of
the procession to celebrate the arrival of the crown of thorns.
6/1240, Louis and family hosted Richard, Earl of Cornwall,
who had stopped on his way to the crusades to renew the 1230 peace agreement
for his brother King Henry III.
1240, Blanche presided over the prosecution of 4 prominent
Rabbis under the auspices of a papal order against the Talmud.
6/1241, Louis, at Samur in Anjou, announced his younger
brother Alfonso as Count of Poitiers; which lowered the status of Isabella of
Angouleme, Queen Mother of England, and her husband Hugh X de Lusignan, Count
de la Marche.
12/1241, At the Christmas feast of King Louis in Poitou, Hugh
X de Lusignan & Isabella of Angouleme denied allegiance to Count Alfonso,
essentially a declaration of war.
1242, King Louis had Queen Margaret swear that she would
always abide by royal policy instead of her own personal interests.
5/20/1242, Hugh X de Lusignan and his step-son King Henry
III arrived at Royen, France with a small contingent; but with 30 tons of gold.
They were soon joined by French nobles with Hugh as their leader against the
forces of the Count of Poitou and King Louis IX.
7/1242, The 2 armies met at the battles of Taillebourgh and
Saintes, with the superior sized French force winning. [Ironically, many of the
French nights opposing King Henry had been rescued by King Richard I from
prison in the crusades. Louis, like many other knights, came down with
dysentery.]
1242, After the death of 2 royal inquisitors at Avignonet,
Louis began an effort to eliminate the Cathars.
1/1243, Raymond VII of Toulouse, who had started an
insurrection coincident with the war in Poitiers, lost support after Louis’
victory and submitted to Louis at Montargis by the Peace of Lorris.
1243, Louis, at the urging of Pope Gregory IX, had about
12,000 copies of the Talmud and other Jewish books burned.
12/1244, Louis, severly ill [and predicted to die], heard of
the Turks defeat of Christian forces and capture of Jerusalem and decided to
take the cross of a crusader. [Margaret soon after also decided to take the
cross and travel to the crusades with Louis, which helped recruit knights who
also took their wives.]
12/1245 at Cluny in Lyon, Louis, Margaret, the Queen mother,
and Louis’ younger brother Charles of Anjou, met secretly with Pope Innocent
and the brothers of Margaret’s mother Beatrice de Savoia. In exchange for Charles marrying Margaret’s sister
Beatrice, King Louis promised to support the Pope against Emperor Frederick
II ; and that all other aspects of Count Raymond’s will would be enforced.
[This marginalized Margaret’s sister Eleanor’s claim on any inheritance.]
1246, King Louis,
attempting to settle a civil war in Flanders, with the approval of the papal
legate, gave Hainault to the Avesnes family, and Flanders to the Dampierres.
[The Pope would reverse his decision in 1249. Louis would stick by his original
decision in 1256, issuing the Dit of Peronne.]
1247, King Louis
created special emmisaries, usually friars, to root out local corruption in the
government.
1248, King Louis
completed Ste-Chapelle as a repository for his collection of relics.
6/12/1248, After 3 years of preparation, Louis left Paris on
the 7th crusade with his family and brothers, leaving his mother as
regent of France.
8/25/1248, Louis and his forces set sail from Aigures-Mortes
near Marsailles, where Louis had built his fleet of ships.
9/17/1248, The fleet of Louis, carrying 2500 knights, 10,000
men at arms, and 5000 cross-bow men, arrived at Cyprus. [Supplies had been sent
ahead and were waiting when they arrived.]
5/13/1249, An estimated 1800 ships carrying the forces left
Cyprus for Damietta in Egypt. A storm caused half the ships off course. These
landed in Acre, where they were attacked while landing at the beaches by
horse-mounted bowmen.
6/23/1249, Louis, with a force of 15,000 captured Damietta.
11/20/1249, Louis and his forces departed [leaving their
wives behind, both Margaret and Beatrice would have children in Damietta]. They
traveled along the right bank of the Nile towards Mansourah. A force of 500
under the command of the duke of Burgundy was left to defend the city.
1250, A letter to Blanche from her son Louis IX on crusade
at Caesarea: “To his most excellent and dearest lady and mother Blanche, by the
grace of God illustrious queen of the French, Louis, by that same grace king of
the French, greetings and ready with sincere love, pleased to do her will.”
2/9/1250, At Mansourah, Robert of Artois, the king’s
brother, had initial success against a small Egyptian force, even managing to
kill their General Fakhr ad-Din. [Robert soon after was killed when he attacked
the city.]
4/6/1250, Louis defeated and captured
at the 6-hour battle of Fariskur by Egyptian forces [Even though the Sultan
had died, the Sultan’s family had hidden the fact to keep their forces from
faltering].
1250, While Louis was captive, Queen Marguerite, pregnant,
ruled the French on crusade from Damietta. When Egyptian forces appeared and
starting building siege devices, Margaret requested a trusted knight to kill
her if the town fell back to the Saracens.
5/2/1250, The Mamluks killed their Egyptian Sultan leader,
s/o the Sultan that had died. [They had done the brunt of the fighting and not
been paid.] Unprecedented, the former slave and wife of the deceased sultan,
Shajar al-Durr, who had come up with the idea of concealing the original
Sultan’s death, was declared the new Sultan.
1250, An agreement was made that the French men of rank
would be released with the return of Damietta, and allowed to travel to
Christian-held Acre. The rest would be released when a ransom was paid. [The
wounded were slaughtered once the French left in boats for Acre.] Louis and
Margaret, traveling on separate ships, were reunited at Acre.
1251, Louis learned that a ship carrying some of the ransom
money raised by his mother was lost in a storm.
11/26/1252, Louis’ mother, also acting as Regent in France,
died. Count Alphonse acted as regent, but was ill and an alliance of bishops
effectively ruled France.
1253, Louis left pregnant Margaret and their 2 children at
Jaffa, which he had fortified, and marched on Sidon. [He only arrived in time
to bury the dead.] Margaret traveled by sea and joined Louis in Sidon.
6/1253 at Sidon, Louis, learning of his mother’s death,
refused to leave the crusade to return to France. He continued to fortify
Christian towns. [Louis was also running out of money.]
7/3/1254, Louis and his ships put into port at Hyeres in
Provence, about 30 miles east of Marsailles.
9/7/1254, Louis, arriving back in Paris, decided that the
reason they lost was because his kingdom was sinful. Over a period of 6 months,
while touring France, Louis created a “general ordinance” prohibiting
acceptance of expensive gifts, neglecting duties, impeding justice, nepotism,
bribery … “By such ordinances the kind did much to improve conditions in his
kingdom” – Joinville. Louis also began recording the acts of Parliament, called
the Olim.
12/1254, King Louis IX with his wife Queen Marguerite, her
sister Queen Eleanor with her husband King Henry III, Marguerite and Eleanor’s
sisters Sanchia married to Henry’s brother Richard, Beatrice married to Louis’
brother Charles, and the mother of all the females, Beatrice of Savoy gathered
in Paris for a family reunion.
1255, King Henry III received the 1st elephant
brought to England as a gift from King Louis IX.
1255, King Louis began acquiring land in the forest of
Rouvray for a convent to be founded by his sister Isabel [later Saint Isabelle
of France] of the Order of Poor Ladies of Saint Claire.
6/11/1256, the General Chapter of the Trinitarian Order
formally affiliated Louis IX at the monastery of Cerfroid. Louis considered
retiring to the monastery, but Margaret talked him out of it.
1257, King Louis supported King Henry’s brother Richard in
his selection as King of the Romans [Germany].
1257-58, King Louis intoduced ordinances against ursury.
5/1258, King James of Aragon signed the Treaty of Corbeil
with King Louis IX of France; ending his claims to Occitania [southern France]
except for Montpellier. King Louis gave up his claims to counties of the
Spanish March.
5/28/1258, Louis signed the Treaty of Paris with King Henry
III, each side exchanging claims on lands.
5/24/1259, King Henry III gives Queen Margaret and others,
including her uncle, power to negotiate a marriage for his daughter Beatrice.
12/1259, King Louis and Queen Margaret hosted a family
Christmas gathering in Paris that included King Henry III and Queen Eleanor,
Count Charles of Anjou and Countess Beatrice [and possibly the 4th
sister Queen Sanchia, although King Richard did not attend.] Countess Beatrice
was seated at an inferior table by Queen Margaret, because she was not a Queen.
Henry and Louis would sign an official peace treaty whereby Henry, for money,
would keep only Gascony in France as a fief, for which he would do homage.
1/1260, son Louis, age 15 and the heir, died of an illness.
3/16/1260, Queen Eleanor of England’s acknowledgment of the
receipt from Louis, king of France, of 12,500 pounds of Tours in money. [Part
of a peace agreement.]
1260, Louis commanded that town accounts be submitted for
royal audit.
1261, Queen Marguerite was the negotiator accepted by both
sides between her brother-in-law King Henry III and his brother-in-law, Simon
de Montfort, who was well thought of in the French court.
11/6/1261, King Henry III sent a collection of royal jewels
to Marguerite [his sister-in-law] to be deposited in the Templar house in Paris
for safe keeping.
1262, Pope Urban offered Louis the Kingdom of Sicily, which
Louis declined.
1262, By emmissaries to Paris, Mongol forces inquired of
Louis as to whether he would like to join them in a crusade. [The Mongol forces
were in need of ships.]
1262, Louis mandated that town councils be renewed every
year.
1263, Daughters Marguerite and Eleanor, “illustrious queens
of the French and of England”, named in the will of their mother.
1263, King Louis chosen as an arbitrator between King Henry
III and his rebelling barons.
1263, Marguerite persuaded her son Philip to name her his
guardian until he was 30. Louis found out and had the Pope absolve Philip of
his promise to his mother. (S) Women in the Middle Ages, Gies, 1991.
1/24/1264 at Amiens, France, King Louis sided with King
Henry III against the English barons.
1264, A long dispute between Renaud de Pons and his wife on
one side and the English crown on the other, over the castle of Bergerac, had
eventually been turned over to Marguerite to settle. Marguerite found for
Renaud and his wife. Queen Eleanor accepted her sister's decision and acted on
it, asking her senechal in Gascony to enforce the decision.
1265, Louis IX gave his support to the acceptance
of the Kingdom of Sicily by his brother, Charles of Anjou.
1266, King Louis introduced a new gold coin, the écu,
and a new large silver shilling, the sol tournois; and reduced the coinage to 2
types: livres (parisis) and tournois. Baronial coinage could only be used with
the region of the minting baron.
1267, King Louis sent 2 embassies to the Great Khan, hoping
to get support for his next crusade.
3/25/1268 at Paris, King Louis, after his brother King
Charles of Sicily had subdued the Italian peninsula, called a meeting of all
his barons to announce another crusade.
1269, Louis extened the expulsion of Jews for usury to
Lombards (Italians) and Cahorsins [named for a city in souther France].
3/14/1270, Louis accepted the pilgrim’s staff at St Denis in
Paris. The next day he walked barefoot from the palace to Notre Dame. Then he
set off on the crusade. [Queen Marguerite did not go with him.]
7/2/1270, Louis’ crusader ships left the coast of Provence
heading for Tunis. The emir of Tunis was in arrears to King Charles of Sicily.
He was supposed to send 34,300 gold coins annually.
7/21/1270, Louis’ crusader fleet arrived in Tunis. After
easily taking the port, they attacked Carthage, 15 miles from Tunis, but did
not enter the city. Very quickly, a plague [likely typhus] decimated the
crusader forces. Louis son, Jean Tristan, born on the previous crusade died
with 10 days of landing.
8/25/1270, Louis died on the 8th crusade at Carthage.
Prior to dying Louis called his eldest son to his side and gave him advice
about being a King.
[––Marguerite––]
11/11/1270, The crusader fleet left to return to France.
There was a storm and 40 ships were lost and they were forced into the port of
Trapani. They decided to return by land rather risk another storm at sea. On
the return trip, King Philip and his entourage were detained at Sicily because
of illness [possibly the plague.]
1271, Margaret was given extensive lands in her dower. The
Regents of France tried to seize Marguerite’s dower lands.
5/21/1271, King Philip III, son of Louis, returned to Paris,
France with the bodies of his wife Isabel [buried at Saint-Denis], his father,
his sister Isabelle and her husband Thibaut V, his uncle Count Alfonso of
Toulouse and his wife Jeanne, and his brother Jean Tristan.
8/12/1271, Marguerite witnessed her son Philip being crowned
King of France.
1272, Queen Marguerite sent the jewels of King Henry III
back to him.
Aft. 10/1273, Marguerite wrote to the newly crowned King of
the Romans, Rudolph of Habsurg, asking they he rule on her inheritance in
Provence, as Provence had always been a fief of the empire [at least that was
her current position]. Rudolph promised Marguerite he would invest her with
Provence.
1274-5, Marguerite, with the help of her sister Queen
Eleanor, arranged for Eleanor’s granddaughter Joanna to marry Rudolph’s son
Hartman [died 1281 before the marriage]. King Charles of Sicily
counter-proposed his grandson marry a d/o Rudolph.
3/1275, Queen Margaret was with Eleanor, widow of Simon de
Montfort and sister of King Henry III, when she died in exile in France.
[Likely at the nunnery of Montargis.]
1279, Queen Eleanor of England and her sister Marguerite
attempt to enlist King Edward’s support for their claims in Provence against
their brother-in-law, Charles of Anjou. [Charles’ wife, Marguerite’s youngest
sister, Beatrice, died in 1267 – Marguerite and Eleanor wanter their quarter
share of Provence.]
1281, Queen Marguerite convened a meeting of loyal noblemen
opposed to King Charles of Sicily at Troyes. This group agreed that the
marriage proposed by King Charles with the Habsburg family would be opposed by
force if necessary. [Charles’ plan succeeded without opposition because
Maruerite’s candidate, Hartmann, d/o Rudolph, died suddenly.]
6/1282, Queen Marguerite writes to accept King Edward’s
excuses for not sending aid he had promised her in raising an army to press her
claims in Provence, understanding that his need to put down a rebellion in
Wales must come first.
1/7/1285, King Charles of Naples died; the last of the
husbands of the four Queens sisters.
10/5/1285, Marguerite’s son King Philip died in the Aragonese
Crusade.
6/26/1291, Queen Eleanor died, leaving Marguerite the last
of the four Queen sisters.
8/12/1295, King Edward I wrote to his aunt: “To the most
serene lady and his dearest friend, lady Marguerite, by the grace of God
illustrious queen of the French, Edward, by the same grace, etc., [sends]
greetings with sincere love, [and] ready desire to please. Desiring to hear
good news about your state, may the Lord always keep it healthy, …”
12/21/1295, Marguerite died in the convent of the Cordeliers
de Saint Claire, which she had founded; buried in the royal sepulcher of Saint
Denis.
(S) Epistolæ. (S) Memoires of the Queens of France, V1,
Bush, 1843. (S) Four Queens, Goldstone, 2007. (S) History of France, V1,
Wright, 1856. (S) The Capetians, Bradbury, 2007. (S) Lives of the Kings and
Queens of France, 1979, Dobell.
Family notes:
·
King Louis wrote, by his own hand in French,
Enseignements, instructions for his children on how to behave.
·
1297, Louis cannonized by Pope Boniface VIII.
Louis’ piety and kindness towards the poor were renouned.
Children of Louis and Marguerite: [11 children]
i. Blanche, born 1239 in France.
4/29/1243, Balnche died.
ii. Isabella, born 1242 in France.
Isabella married Theobald II of Navarre.
iii. Louis, born 1244 in France.
1/1260, Louis died of an illness.
iv. Philip III of France (23640666), born 4/30/1245 in
France.
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